4.9 - Adhesives

A.1 Introduction
Sometime during the construction of a fursuit, one will have to use adhesives (glues) to bond two items together. Selection of the right kind of adhesive for the job is essential for the proper functioning of the fursuit. For example, most people perspire in a fursuit on even a moderately warm day, so using a water soluble glue would not be advisable. Before one can choose and safely use the proper adhesive, one must know what kinds of glues there are, what properties they have and what materials they will join. Most adhesives now used are synthetic substances dissolved in some kind of solvent which gives off potentially hazardous fumes when being applied and during curing, so one must know how to use them safely.

Adhesives are natural and synthetic substances used for joining or bonding other materials together by surface attachment. The first primitive adhesives were natural gums and waxes as rosin, rubber, and beeswax. The Egyptians used animal and casein glues to make furniture and attaching ornamental veneers to wood surfaces. Modern adhesives range from the glue on postage stamps to the epoxy resins used to make aircraft and bridges.

A.2 Theory
The chemical and physical processes of adhesion are not well understood and research relies on experiments rather than theory. The strength of a joint bonded by an adhesive depends on five factors with the bond being only as strong as the weakest part. These are the strength or cohesion of the material to be joined, the strength of the adhesive bond to the material, the strength of the adhesive itself, the strength of the adhesive bond to the other material and the strength of the other material.

With most types of adhesives, the strength of the adhesive bond is stronger than the adhesive itself and, thus, the adhesive film should be as thin as possible. The joining surfaces of the materials must fit together exactly and have large enough area of the right shape so the joint is not over stressed. Adhesive joints resist shear or sideways forces and tension well, but to don't resist peeling forces.

A.3 Types of adhesives
It is important to choose the right adhesive for a job. Joints between flexible materials must be made with a flexible adhesive and must be given enough time to set up or bond. Adhesives used around moisture must not be water soluble.

Adhesives may be hot-melt, which come in solid forms, are melted by heating, and harden and bond on cooling. They may be water soluble, which would be a drawback for use in costumes that are exposed to perspiration and have to be washed. The adhesive may be dissolved in an organic solvent, which evaporates and allows the adhesive to set quickly and is normally water resistant. However, the fumes released may be hazardous and may require safety precautions to be taken.

There are two basic classes of adhesives, natural and synthetic resin.

A.4 Natural adhesives
Natural adhesives may come from animal, vegetable or mineral sources.

A.4.1 Animal glues
The term glue applies to protein derivatives made from animal or vegetable protein. White and yellow woodworking glues are made by the traditional method of boiling down bones.

Glues are usually sold in the form of granules or flakes which are heated and dissolved in water before being used. They are applied hot and harden both by cooling and the absorption or evaporation of water. Animal and fish glues are also made in a liquid form that is used cold.

The principal uses of glue are in woodworking and the manufacture of coated abrasives such as sandpaper. All of the animal and vegetable glues may be attacked by fungus under conditions of high temperature and humidity.

A.4.2 Casein glue
Casein glue is made from milk protein and is sold as a powder that is mixed with water just before being used. Its adhesion to porous materials is good and its moisture resistance is somewhat superior to animal glue.

A.4.3 Vegetable glue
Vegetable glues are made from starches or dextrins and are low in cost but possess limited strength and moisture resistance. Gum Arabic is a water soluble vegetable adhesive often used on stamps and gummed paper envelopes.

A.4.4 Natural gums and resins
Natural gums and resins usually possess low melting points and may be used hot or mixed with solvents. They usually have fair adhesion and excellent moisture resistance, but soften and loose strength at elevated temperatures.

Natural rubber compounds are used to bond linoleum or tiles to floors and acoustical material to ceilings. The rubber cements used for bonding paper, rubber, or leather are often made of natural rubber in a solvent but synthetic rubber is also used. Marine glues are often natural resins dissolved in a solvent that evaporates during hardening. Sealing wax is an example of a hot melt adhesive made of natural resins.

A.4.5 Sodium silicate
Water glass or sodium silicate is the only inorganic adhesive in general use and is the only one capable of withstanding temperatures in excess of about 500 degrees Fahrenheit. It has a tendency to deteriorate and crumble on aging especially on nonporous materials.

It is low in cost and used widely in the manufacture of corrugated boxes and for attaching labels to glass containers. Mixed with inorganic fillers it forms high temperature cements used for lamp bases and heating elements.

A.5 Synthetic adhesives.
Synthetic resin adhesives may be divided into the thermosetting types and the thermoplastic types. The thermosetting types undergo a chemical change in hardening and retain their strength much better at elevated temperatures. The thermoplastic types can be softened repeatedly by the application of heat and do not retain their bond strength under elevated temperatures.

A.5.10 Thermosetting Synthetic Adhesives

A.5.11 Epoxies
Epoxies are the most versatile of all the adhesives, providing excellent adhesion to both porous and nonporous materials, including metals. They harden by chemical action and so can be made without solvents. When used without solvents they shrink only slightly on hardening which is useful for bonding poorly fitted joints. Epoxies are very moisture resistant and the bond strength is good up to about 350 degrees Fahrenheit.

Epoxies are usually binary or two part compounds, the resin and a catalyst or hardener, which are mixed together just prior to use and which harden rapidly. Formulations meant to be used at room temperature must be used within a short time after mixing, often within a half hour or less; this is the "pot life." Formulations that require heat to complete their cure may be kept at room temperature for days or months before hardening but will set very rapidly if heated. The resin can be modified to cure hard or with slight flexibility, which would be a drawback if used in the body or paws of a costume.

A.5.12 Phenolics
Phenolics are available as liquids that cure by evaporation of the solvents. For greatest bonding strength, the solvents are allowed to evaporate before the parts are joined under heat and pressure. Phenolic adhesives are also available in thin sheets that are applied to the surfaces to be bonded; sheet bonding may be done under heat and pressure, as for joining plywood.

The commonly used phenol-formaldehyde adhesive provides good adhesion to wood and other porous materials. Other phenolic blends as phenolic-epoxy, phenolic-polyamide, etc., are used to bond metals or glass.

A.5.13 Ureas
Ureas work best on porous materials and are often used in the wood working applications. Urea-formaldehyde is the most commonly used adhesive of this group but blends of urea and other resins, especially melamine, are better for certain applications.

A.5.14 Polyurethanes
Polyurethanes are related to the ureas and are among the best of all adhesives for metal and glass as well as the porous materials.

A.5.15 Polyester Resins
Polyester resins are used in large volume as a binder for glass fibers to form structural panels and rigid heads for costumes. Like the epoxies, they are usually made to harden by chemical action rather than by the evaporation of solvents and thus cure with little shrinkage.

Parts of complex shape can be built up over simple forms or in more elaborate molds by applying successive layers of glass fiber cloth or matting and polyester adhesive or binder. The curing of the resin is accelerated by heat.

A.5.16 Silicones
Silicones withstand the highest temperatures of all the synthetic adhesives, retaining good strength to about 500 degrees Fahrenheit. The silicones also have very high moisture resistance. They are used as binders for glass fibers used as insulation in electronic and electrical devices.

A.5.17 Resorcinol resins
Resorcinol resins are excellent adhesives for wood and other porous materials and their water resistance is very good. They are used to make exterior plywood.

A.5.18 Alkyd resins
Alkyd resins are formulated with solvents to make adhesive varnish used in electrical and electronic manufacturing.

A.5.19 Synthetic rubbers
Synthetic rubbers are important bases for adhesives. They are flexible and are used to attach felt or similar materials to automobile body panels, and are used in the joining of leather and rubber. The moisture resistance is excellent and the bond strength adequate for many purposes. However, most rubber adhesives are unsuitable for highly stressed joints due to a tendency to creep under stress.

A.5.20 Thermoplastic synthetic adhesives
Synthetic resin adhesives do not retain their bond strength under elevated temperatures. However, some of them display characteristics that make them useful below 180 degrees Fahrenheit.

A.5.21 Vinyl resins
The vinyl resins are the most commonly used of the thermoplastic adhesives. Many modifications are available with the bonds formed either by fusing with heat or by solvent evaporation.

Vinyl resins are used in the manufacture of automobile safety glass. Polyvinyl emulsions have largely replaced animal and fish liquid glues for woodworking applications because they harden quicker and are more moisture resistant.

A.5.22 Cellulose derivatives
Cellulose derivatives, especially cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate, are dissolved in solvents to form quick drying general purpose adhesives for household use. The are moisture resistant. They are used for bonding wood and paper but poor on metal and glass.

A.5.23 Acrylics
Acrylics are the most transparent of all the synthetic resins, though their adhesion in general is not as good as that of some other resins. However, a cyano-acrylate adhesive is called Superglue and cures to a high strength in a few seconds.

A.6 Real world adhesives

A.6.10 Elmers Products, Inc. (www.elmers.com)

A.6.11 - Glue-All is the familiar white glue most know from their youth. It is safe and nontoxic and comes in plastic squeeze bottles with a simple twist cap.

MATERIALS: bonds most porous materials such as cloth and paper, and semi-porous materials as wood and pottery. Not for photos, bare metal, submerged or heated surfaces.

CAUTIONS, FIRST AID: None on label.

COMPOSITION: Not on label.

USE: The surfaces to be joined must be clean, dry, and over 60 degrees Fahrenheit. For porous materials spread thinly, press, and let dry. For semi-porous materials spread heavily, weight or clamp the surfaces wait about 35-40 minutes for the glue to set. One must wait overnight for the bond to reach full strength.

CLEAN UP: Use a damp cloth before it dries.

A.6.12 - Carpenters Interior Wood Glue is a stronger yellow wood-working glue suitable for interior use. It is safe as it produces no harmful fumes and comes in a plastic bottle with a removable cap.

MATERIALS: Bonds all hard and soft woods.

CAUTIONS, FIRST AID: None on label.

COMPOSITION: Not given on package.

USE: The surfaces to be joined must be clean, dry, free of oil or grease and parts should fit snugly. Use on bare wood only; spread glue on both surfaces and clamp for about 30 minutes to let the glue set. One must wait overnight for the bond to reach full strength.

CLEAN UP: Wipe up with warm, damp, clean cloth before glue dries.

A.6.13 - Professional Carpenters Wood Glue comes in a plastic bottle with removable cap and is a fast grabbing, fast setting, super strength glue formulated especially for working with wood.

MATERIALS: Bonds hard and soft woods.

CAUTIONS, FIRST AID: None on label.

COMPOSITION: Aliphatic resin.

CLEAN UP: Wipe up with clean cloth and warm water

A.6.14 - Probond is polyurethane glue and comes in a tube resembling a can. It is reported to be able to bond almost everything.

MATERIALS: Bonds metal, leather, wood, ceramic, brick, stone, glass, and most plastics to themselves and to each other.

CAUTIONS: Work in a well ventilated area. Do not spray or heat product. Avoid swallowing, inhalation, and contact with skin. Keep away from eyes and skin. Wear impermeable gloves. Contact may stain skin; wash hands immediately after use.

WARNING: Exposure may result in acute or delayed damage to the lungs.

Eye irritant. May irritate or cause allergic reaction with skin. Inhalation of aerosol may result in respiratory allergies including asthma.

Symptoms may include coughing, difficulty in breathing and a feeling of tightness in the chest. Effects may be delayed. Persons with asthma or other chronic respiratory conditions should not sue this product.

COMPOSITION: Contains diisocyanates (MDI pre-polymer, diphenylmethane diisocyanate).

FIRST AID: If skin rash or breathing difficulties occur, see physician immediately. In case of eye contact, rinse immediately with water then flush with tap water for 15 minutes. If skin contact occurs, wash thoroughly with soap and water. If ingested, drink large quantities of water and see physician.

USE: Surfaces must fit snugly and be free of dust, oil, wax, paint, old glue, etc. Important: curing requires moisture. For porous and semi-porous surfaces (wood, pottery, etc.) wipe both surfaces lightly with a damp cloth about 1 minute before gluing. For non porous surfaces (metals, rigid plastics, glass, etc.) dampen one side and apply glue to the other side before bonding. Not for continuous submersion or use below water line.

Do not use at temperatures below 40 or above 90 degrees Fahrenheit. For small areas, apply and swirl pieces to spread a thin, even coat over the entire surface. For larger areas, apply a thin, even coat with a brush or spatula. Use rubber gloves to avoid skin staining/irritation. Seal cap tightly after each use.

Within 15 minutes, clamp glued pieces together for 1 to 4 hours. Cure time will vary depending on temperature, humidity, and porosity. Glue will expand as it cures to fill gaps and further penetrate porous surfaces. Allow 24 hours drying time before using or coating. Sand cured glue before staining.

CLEAN UP: Wet glue, use acetone or mineral spirits. Cured glue, sand or scrape. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and warm water immediately after handling.

A.6.20 - Eclectic Products, Inc. (800-767-4667) Goop has been endorsed by more than one fursuiter.

A.6.21 - Household Goop comes in a squeeze tube with a screw on cap and plastic applicator tip. It has been formulated to repair, seal, and stick to a wide variety of materials with superior strength and can replace rubber cement, contact cement, white glue, silicone and patch kits. Household Goop dries to a rubber-like consistency that's waterproof and flexible so it should not break or crack under stress. Goop is washer/dryer safe, but do not dry-clean because the dry-cleaning solvent breaks down the cured adhesive.

MATERIALS: Always test a small area before using on any project to ensure proper application technique and drying time. Not recommended for Styrofoam, polystyrene, polyethylene, or polypropylene plastics, or aquariums. Goop works on many materials including wood, glass, plastic, leather, linoleum, brick, marble, porcelain, ceramics, metal, copper, aluminum, brass, vinyl, rubber, neoprene, polycarbonate, ABS, PVC, waterproof cloth, fiberglass, Naugahyde.

CAUTIONS: The vapor is harmful and may cause dizziness, headache, or nausea. Causes eye, skin, nose and throat irritation. Contains a chemical known to the state of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm. Keep away from heat, spark, and flame. Extinguish all sources of ignition during use and until all vapors are gone. Prevent build-up of vapors by working outside or opening all windows and doors to achieve cross ventilation.

COMPOSITION: Contains toluene and petroleum distillate.

FIRST AID: If one experiences difficulty in breathing, leave the area to obtain fresh air. If continued difficulty is experienced, get medical attention immediately. In case of eye contact, flush immediately with plenty of water and get medical attention; for skin, wash thoroughly with soap and water. If swallowed, do not induce vomiting but get medical attention.

USE: Goop can be applied in temperatures ranging from 50 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit. When cured, Goop can withstand temperatures between -40 and 150 degrees Fahrenheit. Should be used in a well ventilated area. Test a small area to ensure proper application technique and drying time. Keep threads at the neck of the tube free of residue; one can apply a thin coat of petroleum jelly to the threads of the tube before replacing the cap. Surfaces to be joined should be clean, dry, and free of dirt; for best results, roughen smooth surface before use. Apply directly to the area to be repaired. Allow repair to dry for 24 hours; for maximum strength, allow to dry for 72 hours. Various materials will require different drying times. To speed drying time, apply heat using a hand held dryer set on low, holding it at least 6 inches from the surface.

For use as contact adhesive, one applies Goop directly to each surface to be bonded. Allow to partially cure for 2-10 minutes before bringing surfaces together. Goop hardens by solvent evaporation. It forms an immediate bond that is difficult to reposition after both adhesive coated surfaces are placed in contact with each other and sufficient pressure exerted to establish full contact between both surfaces.

For use as a sealant, one applies Goop directly to the surface to be sealed. Use thin coats to build a thick coating on the surface to be sealed, allowing each layer to set 3-4 hours. Goop hardens by solvent evaporation, so allow time for thorough hardening to ensure proper bonding and wear resistance.

CLEAN UP: Small amounts of acetone or naptha may be used on uncured Goop and the adhesive will ball up and brush off. Cured Goop may be removed by cutting or scraping.

A.6.22 - Plumber's Goop comes in a squeeze tube with a screw on cap and plastic applicator tip. It is used for plumbing projects as leaking pipes, downspouts, gutter seams, and porcelain fixtures; stronger than silicone on PVC, tile, and garden hoses. Plumbers Goop dries to a rubber-like consistency that's waterproof and flexible so it should not break or crack under stress.

MATERIALS: Always test a small area before using on any project to ensure proper application technique and drying time. Not recommended for Styrofoam, polystyrene, polyethylene, or polypropylene plastics, or aquariums. Goop works on many materials including glass, plastic, metal, leather, vinyl, rubber, neoprene, polycarbonate, brick, marble, ABS, PVC, copper, waterpoof cloth, aluminum, brass, wood, linoleum, fiberglass, Naugahyde, porcelain and ceramic.

CAUTIONS: The vapor is harmful and may cause dizziness, headache, or nausea. Causes eye, skin, nose and throat irritation. Contains a chemical known to the state of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm. Keep away from heat, spark, and flame. Extinguish all sources of ignition during use and until all vapors are gone. Use only with adequate ventilation. Prevent build-up of vapors by working outside or opening all windows and doors to achieve cross ventilation.

COMPOSITION: Contains toluene and petroleum distillate.

CLEAN UP: Small amounts of acetone or naphtha may be used on uncured Goop and the adhesive will ball up and brush off. Cured Goop may be removed by cutting or scraping.

A.6.23 - Marine Goop comes in a squeeze tube with a screw on cap and plastic applicator tip. It is used for marine repair work including windshields and rubber dock bumpers, seals around glass and windows, secures hoses to dock lines mends tears in seat cushions, canopies, and boat cover, insulates battery terminals. Marine Goop dries to a rubber-like consistency that's waterproof, UV resistant, and flexible so it should not break or crack under stress or exposure to the elements.

MATERIALS: Always test a small area before using on any project to ensure proper application technique and drying time. Not recommended for Styrofoam, polystyrene, polyethylene, or polypropylene plastics, or aquariums. Goop works on many materials including glass, wood, plastic, tile, metal, ceramic, cement, rubber, vinyl, leather, fabric, canvas, concrete.

Some fisherman's waders and foul weather gear have a water-repellent coating that must be removed before Goop will adhere. Scrub the area with detergent and allow to dry. Roughen surface before applying. If the bond still pulls apart, the repair must be done on the inside surface of the item, which is usually reinforced with fabric.

CAUTIONS: The vapor is harmful and may cause dizziness, headache, or nausea. Causes eye, skin, nose and throat irritation. Contains a chemical known to the state of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm. Keep away from heat, spark, and flame. Extinguish all sources of ignition during use and until all vapors are gone. Use only with adequate ventilation. Prevent build-up of vapors by working outside or opening all windows and doors to achieve cross ventilation.

COMPOSITION: Contains toluene and petroleum distillate.

CLEAN UP: Small amounts of acetone or naphtha may be used on uncured Goop and the adhesive will ball up and brush off. Cured Goop may be removed by cutting or scraping.

A.6.3 - Pacer Technology (909-987-0550)

A.6.31 - Standard (4-6 minute) epoxy is a binary or two part adhesive in a dispenser with twin tubes and twin red plungers. Allows about 4-6 minutes to position parts before setting up. Temperature use range is from -40 to 176 degrees Fahrenheit (-40 to 80 degrees Celsius).

MATERIALS: Bonds glass, metal, china, wood, leather, fiberglass, ceramics, and most plastics.

CAUTIONS: May cause skin or eye irritation. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Use in well ventilated area.

COMPOSITION: Contains epoxy resin and polymercaptan hardener.

FIRST AID: For skin contact wash thoroughly with soap and water. In case of contact with eyes, flush with water for 15 minutes. Call a physician. If swallowed do not induce vomiting, call physician immediately.

PREPARATION OF DISPENSER: Remove storage cap which is located in notches in the plungers. Hold dispenser, nozzle end up, for about half a minute to allow entrapped air to reach tips. Keeping nozzle end up, carefully snip off tips at very end of dispenser with scissors or knife. and push plunger slowly to expel entrapped air. Now ready for use.

USE: Surfaces should be clean and dry. Dispense equal parts of resin and hardener by pressing down slowly on plunger and mix thoroughly on non porous surface. Apply to both surfaces to be bonded and hold together with clamp, tape, or weights. Allow setting time of 4-6 minutes, item can be handled in 30 minutes. Full strength is attained after 16 hours. Setting time longer in cold temperatures, shorter in warm temperatures. To reseal pull back plunger slightly, clean tip and place cap over nozzles, which should fit only one way. Store upright with nozzle up.

A.6.32 - Extra Setting Time (up to 30 minutes) epoxy is a binary or two part adhesive, in a dispenser with twin tubes and twin blue plungers. Allows about 30 minutes to position parts before setting up. Temperature use range is from -65 to 225 degrees Fahrenheit (-54 to 107 degrees Celsius), note this is much better than the standard epoxy.

MATERIALS: Bonds glass, metal, china, wood, leather, fiberglass, ceramics, and most plastics.

CAUTIONS: Irritating to eyes and skin and may cause sensitization by skin contact. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Use in well ventilated area.

COMPOSITION: Contains epoxy resin and amine hardener.

USE: Surfaces should be clean and dry. Dispense equal parts of resin and hardener by pressing down slowly on plunger and mix thoroughly on non porous surface. Apply to both surfaces to be bonded and hold together with clamp, tape, or weights. Allow setting time of 30 minutes, item can be handled in 7 hours. Full strength is attained after 24 hours. Setting time longer in cold temperatures, shorter in warm temperatures. To reseal pull back plunger slightly, clean tip and place cap over nozzles, which should fit only one way. Store upright with nozzle up.

A.6.33 - Contact Cement is a flexible acrylic contact adhesive and comes in a glass container with an applicator brush included.

MATERIALS: Used to bond laminates, plywood, rubber, masonite, particle board, metal, leather.

CAUTIONS: Vapor harmful. Extremely flammable vapors. Do not use near heat, sparks, or open flame, pilot lights, or electric motors which may ignite fumes. Use only with cross ventilation. Avoid prolonged contact with skin. Protect clothing and work surfaces.

COMPOSITION: Contains xylene and hexane.

FIRST AID: Harmful or fatal if swallowed. If swallowed, do not induce vomiting. Call physician immediately.

USE: Surfaces to be joined should be clean and dry. Apply to both surfaces and wait 10 minutes. Press parts together. allow 30 minutes for drying time. Close bottle tightly after use.

A.6.34 - Black Plastic Rubber is a flexible adhesive and comes in a tube.

MATERIALS: For use on rubber, canvas, fabric, soft plastics. Also can be used to insulate and seal wood, glass, concrete, and metal.

CAUTIONS: Flammable. Vapor harmful.

FIRST AID: Contains naphtha, xylene and ethylbenzene. If it is swallowed, do not induce vomiting. Call physician immediately. In case of skin contact, wash with soap and water. If irritation persists get medical attention. In case of eye contact, flush with water for 15 minutes.

PREPARATION: Tube must be pierced before using. Remove cap and pint away from face and body, do nit squeeze tube while puncturing. Pierce tube with point on cap.

USE: Surfaces should be clean and dry. Apply to both surfaces. Press parts together. Allow 30 minutes for drying.

A.6.4 - PDI Inc., Plastic Dip International (612-785-2156)

A.6.41 - VLP is a vinyl repair product that comes in a tube with a applicator nozzle.

MATERIALS: Bonds vinyl, vinyl coated foam articles.

CAUTIONS: Extremely flammable. Vapors harmful. Harmful or fatal if swallowed. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors. Use in well ventilated area. Keep away from heat sources, open flame and sparks. VLP can discolor or remove colorant from vinyl.

COMPOSITION: Contains tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone.

FIRST AID: If swallowed, do not induce vomiting. Contact physician immediately. If eye or skin contact occurs, flush/wash thoroughly with water. Avoid overexposure to vapors. If one experiences eye watering, headaches, or dizziness, move immediately to fresh air. Ventilate area, if symptoms persist, consult physician.

USE: Surface must be clean and dry; for best results, use in temperatures above 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Small tears and splits require a 1/2 inch wide bead of VLP; allow 30 minutes to dry and repeat; allow 4 hours dry time for maximum strength. Long tears and splits require the vinyl to be pulled together and stitched with masking tape every 1-2 inches; apply 1/2 inch wide bead of VLP to untaped areas and allow a minimum of 30 minutes to dry; carefully remove masking tape and apply a 1/2 inch wide bead to entire repair; allow 4 hours dry time before use; or 30 minutes and repeat; then allow 4 hours dry time for maximum strength. For small holes, apply a few drops of VLP and allow one hour to dry before use.

For large holes, use Vyna Bond, below. To conceal repair, apply a small amount of VLP to a lint free cloth and dab lightly onto dried VLP repair until gloss is removed.

A.6.42 - Vyna Bond is a vinyl repair product that comes in a tube with applicator nozzle. It supposedly can repair and bond under water. Bonds to all vinyls without heat and a patch is included for repairs.

MATERIALS: Bonds vinyl.

CAUTIONS: Use with adequate ventilation and avoid prolonged breathing of harmful vapors. Flammable, keep away from heat sources, open flame, and sparks. Harmful or fatal if swallowed. Avoid eye and skin contact.

COMPOSITION: Contains methyl ethyl ketone and dimethylformamide.

FIRST AID: If swallowed, do not induce vomiting. Contact physician immediately. If eye or skin contact occurs, flush/wash thoroughly with water. Avoid overexposure to vapors. If you experience eye watering, headaches, or dizziness, move immediately to fresh air. Ventilate area. If symptoms persist, consult physician.

USE: Surface must be clean. Cut patch material to size; round patch corners. For best results, use in temperatures above 50 degrees Fahrenheit.

For inflatables and light gauge vinyl, apply Vyna Bond sparingly to patch and press firmly into place; allow 2 to 4 hours dry time for normal use; allow 8 hours dry time for maximum strength. For heavy gauge vinyls, apply Vyna Bond liberally to patch and press firmly, squeezing all air bubbles out of repair area; allow 8 hours dry time for maximum strength. For underwater repairs, apply Vyna Bond liberally to patch; fold patch in half and unfold under water; immediately press firmly on repair area squeezing out all water and air bubbles. For large pool liner tears, cut off a piece from your pool liner or get a scrap piece from your pool dealer. For waterbed repairs apply Vyna Bond liberally to patch and press firmly, squeezing all air bubbles out of repair area; allow 8 hours dry time for maximum strength.

A.6.5 - J-B Weld Company (800-529-3530)

J-B Weld is a cold weld, a adhesive for metals, that comes in two separate tubes, one with a red label (hardener) and one with a black label (steel). The blister pack states that J-B weld maximum (usable) temperature is 600 degrees Fahrenheit; tensile strength is 3960 psi, it will not conduct electricity, and the cure time is about 15 hours.

MATERIALS: Cold welds iron, steel, aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, pewter. Bonds wood, porcelain, ceramic, and plastic.

CAUTION: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Use with adequate ventilation. Do not use near or allow contact with open flame.

COMPOSITION: Contains aliphatic polyamine/polyamide/epoxy resin.

FIRST AID: If in eyes flush with plenty of water. If swallowed, drink several glasses of water and get quick medical advice.

USE: J-B Weld consists of two parts. Squeeze equal parts from each tube onto any clean disposable surface. Mix together thoroughly. A wooden dowel or paddle is a good mixing tool.

Surface for application must be clean, dry, and free from dirt, grease, oil, etc. Remove paint, primer, rust, etc. before applying JB Weld. J-B recommends using lacquer thinner or acetone. For the best weld, roughen surfaces to be welded with file or coarse sandpaper.

Apply with putty knife, spoon, wooden paddle or other suitable tool. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. May be applied in an even coat, will bead or extruded shape as needed.

Allow 4-6 hours for drying before handling. Allow to dry overnight for approximately 15 hours before putting object to use. J-B Weld works faster if used in a room with the temperature above 50 degrees Fahrenheit. After J-B Weld has cured for six hours, a heat lamp or light bulb placed near the weld will speed drying time.

In hot weather or in a very warm room, let J-B Weld set-up or dry about 15 to 20 minutes after mixing. This lets it thicken and prevents running or sagging. In cold weather a heat lamp or light bulb placed close by will hasten drying time.

CLEAN UP: For skin wash off with soap and water.

A.6.6 - Eclectic Products, Inc. (800-767-4667)

Seal-All is an all purpose adhesive that comes in a tube and is weather resistant and not affected by gasoline or oil, according to the package. The package indicates that it is used in the home to repair and maintain fabrics, leather, fiberglass, most plastics, luggage, screens, and just about any thing else. It is used for sporting goods to repair golfing equipment, fishing rods, tents, tarpaulins, canoes, boats, waders, hunting boots, etc. It is used for automotive repair and maintenance including seat covers, weather-stripping, floor mats, windshields, gaskets, electrical insulation, and more.

MATERIALS: For use on wood, steel, aluminum, copper; most plastics and rubber; porcelain, glass, and china; vinyl, fiberglass, canvas, and leather.

CAUTIONS: Use only with adequate ventilation. To avoid breathing vapors, open all windows and doors or use other means to ensure fresh air entry during application and drying. Keep away from heat, sparks, and flame. Extinguish all sources of ignition during use and until all vapors are gone. Prevent build-up of vapors by opening all windows and doors to achieve cross ventilation.

Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Wash thoroughly after handling. Vapor harmful, may cause dizziness, headache or nausea. Causes lung irritation and eye, skin, nose, and throat irritation.

COMPOSITION: Contains methyl ethyl ketone.

FIRST AID: If you experience difficulty in breathing, leave the area to obtain fresh air. If continued difficulty is experienced get medical attention immediately. In case of eye contact, flush immediately with plenty of water for 15 minutes and get medical attention. In case of skin contact, wash thoroughly with soap and water. If swallowed, immediately give 1 or 2 glasses of water and call a physician, hospital emergency room or poison control center immediately.

USE: To open break seal with pointer cap; hold tube upright until ready to use. Do not squeeze tube to force opening. Replace cap each time after use. Always test a small area before full use.

To use as a sealant, apply directly to clean, dry surface; hold firmly until product sets. Additional coats may be applied; allow each layer to dry thoroughly. On leading objects under pressure, tape over Seal-All; additional coats may be applied over tape.

Use as a contact adhesive, spread coating on each surface to be joined together. Allow to harden for 5-10 minutes, then press both surfaces together. Seal-All hardens by solvent evaporation and forms an immediate bond that is difficult to reposition after both adhesive coated surfaces are placed in contact and sufficient pressure is exerted to create full contact between both surfaces. Cure time increases with lower temperatures and decreases with higher temperatures.

A.6.7 - 3M (800-494-4235)
3M produces a wide variety of adhesives and many other products.

A.6.71 - Super Strength Adhesive is suitable for most household repairs and comes in a tube.

MATERIALS: Bonds glass, china, fabric, leather, many plastics and wood.

CAUTIONS: Extremely flammable and irritating to eyes and respiratory system. Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. Use only in well ventilated area. Avoid breathing of vapors. Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Keep tube closed when not in use.

COMPOSITION: Contains methyl ethyl ketone.

FIRST AID: For eye contact immediately flush with plenty of water. Call a physician. For skin contact wash thoroughly with soap and water. For inhalation remove person to fresh air; if breathing becomes difficult, call a physician. If swallowed do not induce vomiting; give two glasses of water; call a physician.

USE: Clean surface and allow to dry thoroughly.

For china and glassware: apply to one surface only. Press parts together a few seconds, then pull apart. Let dry 30 seconds. Press together firmly for final bond. Wait 24 hours before using.

For other repairs: apply a thin coat to both surfaces to be joined. Use sparingly, too much adhesive will weaken the bond. Porous materials may soak up adhesive and need a second coat, which should be applied immediately. Let dry 15-30 seconds. Press parts together and hold a few minutes until hardening begins. Wait 24 hours before using.

CLEAN UP: Excess adhesive Amy be removed with nail polish remover or acetone.

A.6.72 - Super 77 is a multipurpose spray adhesive with a low mist formula that has multiple spray tips for different spray patterns.

MATERIALS: Bonds many foils, plastics, papers, foams, metals and cardboard. Not recommended for use on vinyl materials or automotive headliners.

CAUTIONS: Extremely flammable liquid and vapor. May cause flash fire. Contents under pressure. Vapor harmful. May cause eye and skin irritation. Vapor over exposure may cause respiratory tract irritation and central nervous system depression.

Keep product away from heat, sparks, flame, and sources of static discharge. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors. Do not use in confined areas or areas with little or no air movement. Provide adequate ventilation to keep vapor concentrations below recommended exposure limits.

Avoid eye and skin contact. Do not puncture or incinerate. Do not store at temperatures above 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49 degrees Centigrade).

COMPOSITION: Contains nonvolatile components (N.J. Trade Secret Registry No. 04499600-5776P), cyclohexane (110-82-7), 2-methylpentane (107-83-5), dimethyl ether (115-10-6), isobutane (75-28-5), propane (74-98-6), 3-methylpentane (96-14-0), 2,3-dimethylbutane (79-29-8), 2,2-dimethylbutane (75-83-2), n-hexane (110-54-3), and other hexane isomers.

Contains 75% volatile organic compounds and non-photochemically reactive solvent. Contains no ozone depleting chemicals.

FIRST AID: For eye contact immediately flush eyes with plenty of water, if irritation persists, call physician. For skin contact wash skin with plenty of soap and water; if irritation persists, call physician. For inhalation remove to fresh air, if not breathing, give artificial respiration; if breathing is difficult, get medical attention. If ingested do not induce vomiting; drink two glasses of water. Call physician.

USE: Choose proper tip for pattern desired: white tip produces 3 inch spray pattern, red tip produces circular 1 inch spray pattern. Caps change easily by pulling tip off can and pushing other tip on. Always point spray tip away from yourself and others.

Shake can before using. Turn spray tip so arrow points to dot on rim.

Hold can 6-8 inches from surface to be sprayed. Make bond while adhesive is aggressively tacky.

After use, invert can, depress spray tip until spray is free of adhesive. Clean spray tips with turpentine.

The tack range for one surface is from 10 seconds to 15 minutes, for two surfaces from 10 seconds to 30 minutes.

For extra strong bonds spray both surfaces and allow a minimum of 30 seconds drying time.

A.6.73 - Contact 80 is a spray neoprene adhesive.

MATERIALS: Bonds most rubber and vinyls. Not recommended for polypropylene or polyethylene.

CAUTIONS: Extremely flammable liquid and vapor. May cause flash fire. Contents under pressure. Vapor harmful. May cause eye and skin irritation. Vapor overexposure may cause respiratory tract irritation and central nervous system depression. Contains a chemical which can cause birth defects.

Keep away from heat, sparks, open flame, pilot light and sources of static discharge. Avoid breathing of vapors, mists or spray. Provide ventilation adequate to control vapor concentration below recommended exposure limits and/or control spray or mist. Do not use in confined areas or areas with little or no air movement. Avoid eye and skin contact. Do not puncture or incinerate. Do not store at temperatures above 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49 degrees Celsius).

COMPOSITION: Contains dimethyl ether (115-10-6), acetone (67-64-1), cyclohexane (110-82-7), pentane (109-66-0), non-volatile components (N.J. Trade Secret Registry No. 04499600-5476P), toluene (108-88-3).

Contains 69% volatile organic compounds and non-photochemically reactive solvent. Contains no ozone depleting chemicals.

FIRST AID: For eye contact immediately flush eyes with plenty of water. If irritation persists, call a physician. For skin contact wash skin with plenty of soap and water; if irritation persists call a physician. For inhalation remove to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration; if breathing is difficult, get medical attention. For ingestion do not induce vomiting; drink two glasses of water; call a physician.

USE: Shake can well before using, 5-10 seconds should be sufficient. Turn nozzle so tip points to dot on can rim.

Hold can 5-7 inches from surface and apply at least two uniform and overlapping coats of adhesive to both surfaces. After application, allow at least 4 minutes drying time.

After use, invert can, depress spray tip until spray is free of adhesive. Clean spray tips with turpentine.

Tack range is 4-60 minutes.

A.6.74 - General Purpose Spray Adhesive 201 is a water based adhesive that comes in a aerosol can that provides "aggressive tack for bonding many lightweight materials."

MATERIALS: Bonds lightweight materials including paper, plastic films, fabrics, etc. Not recommended for foam bonding.

CAUTIONS: Contents under pressure. May cause eye and skin irritation. Vapor overexposure may cause respiratory tract irritation and central nervous system depression.

Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors. Provide ventilation adequate to keep vapor concentration below recommended exposure limits and/or control spray or mist. Do not use in confined areas or areas with little or no air movement. Avoid eye and skin contact. Do not puncture or incinerate. Do not store at temperatures above 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49 degrees Centigrade).

COMPOSITION: Contains non-volatile components (N.J. Trade Secret Registry No. 04499600-5972P0), water (7732-18-5), 1,1-difluoroethane (75-37-6).

Contains less than 0.1% volatile organic compounds and non-photochemically reactive solvent.

FIRST AID: For eye contact immediately flush eyes with plenty of water; if irritation persists, call a physician. For skin contact flush skin with plenty of water; if irritation persists, call a physician. For inhalation, remove to fresh air; if not breathing, give artificial respiration; if breathing is difficult, get medical attention. For ingestion do not induce vomiting; drink two glasses of water; call a physician.

USE: Shake can vigorously for approximately 10 seconds before initial use. Turn spray tip so arrow points to dot on can rim.

Hold can 12-18 inches from surface to be sprayed. Spray in an even pattern over the entire surface to be bonded. On most applications a light coat is sufficient. Repeat spray over areas requiring additional adhesives, such as porous fabrics. Allow adhesive to become tacky and make bonds while adhesive is aggressively tacky. Adhesive color will change from white to clean when tacky. To give additional strength spray adhesive on both surfaces to be bonded.

Tack range for one surface is from 30 seconds to 15 minutes, for two surfaces from 1 to 30 minutes. Tack range may vary significantly depending on the porosity of substrates being bonded, amount of adhesive applied and temperature and humidity conditions.

CLEAN UP: Adhesive will build up on spray tip during repeated use and periods of inactivity. Wet adhesive can be readily wiped away with a damp cloth or paper towel. Dry adhesive can be readily removed by hand.

A.7 - Fursuiter Recommendations

A.7.10 - Aetobatus
Aetobatus has knowledge of the proper adhesives to be used when constructing heads. To bond fur to fiberglass, he recommends 3M Blue72 or FormFast74. Blue72 is a bit stronger, but one has to be very careful as the blue color of the adhesive will bleed through the fur, so use it sparingly. To bond fur to foam, he recommends FoamFast74.

Aetobatus has attached whiskers onto fiberglass by embedding the ends (of fishing lines?) in a tiny bit of hot glue and letting it set.

Aetobatus has used a wetsuit cement, called Seal Cement, but available under many different brand names. You brush it on both pieces of material, let dry till tacky, then affix them together. Aetobatus notes that it has nasty fumes, is messy to work with, and does not work will all materials, for example, it does not bond well to vinyl. However, it forms a strong bond with anything it does bond.

Aetobatus says that epoxy doesn't really adhere to most things all that well but rather forms a nice structural base for them. He is familiar with two types of epoxies, the nice marine grade slow setting epoxy and "the cheapo 5-minute kinds in the two tubes." He cautions that the 5-minute epoxies produce worse fumes than the marine industrial epoxies, probably because the outgassing is more gradual on the marine epoxy.

Aetobatus says that epoxies depend on surface roughness to bond and will not bond well to a smooth surface; anything you want to epoxy should be cleaned and free from dirt, grease, etc. and rough, a smooth surface should be sanded until it is rough. He says, "If I let an epoxy layer fully set up (24-48 hours), then put another layer on top of it without sanding, I can nearly peel it off by hand, and if I sand that layer on top, I will certainly pull off chunks of adhesive."

Aetobatus says that he has used many silicone based marine adhesives but not for costume work.

Aetobatus has used a couple of synthetic rubber adhesives: Polycon and Flexane which are used to form waterproof electrical connections. He says Polycon is flammable and both the fumes and the substance itself is toxic so one must take great precautions when using it including having proper ventilation and wearing rubber gloves. He is not sure of Flexane's safety as he has used them outside in a strong wind.

"Polycon is a GREAT material if you can deal with it," Aetobatus says. It is a 2-part substance with a 5 minute pot life that sets up to become a flexible rubber. He does not think there would be a problem with creep. Polycon remains liquid for 2-3 minutes when its two components are mixed, but you must mix it thoroughly before you apply it or it will not set properly, becoming a jelly-like substance that is difficult to clean. It sets in about 10 minutes and can be used to make casts. It is also expensive, too.

Aetobatus says Flexane has similar properties to Polycon, but is more viscous when mixed and has a much longer pot life, taking hours to fully set. The 3M stuff sets up in about 30 minutes, but results in a hard rigid cast.

Aetobatus has worked with cyanoacrylics and solvent based acrylic adhesives and has not found any use for them in costuming.